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Animals and Witchcraft

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Antelope

Pronghorn antelope of America

Written and compiled by George Knowles

Antelope is the common name applied to a large group of cloven-footed, hollow-horned mammals belonging to the family (Bovidae), which includes cattle, goats and sheep. The group is made up of about 150 different species, but true antelopes are only found in Africa and Asia.

Antelopes are typically swift, slender and graceful animals that generally have a short, tough and dense coat of fur, which protects the animal from sharp barbs as it grazes among brush and thickets. In most species the coat is some variation of brown with a white or pale under-body. Exceptions include the zebra-marked Zebra Duiker, the grey, black and white Jentink’s Duiker and the Black Lechwe. Desert and sub-desert antelope are usually pale, or some like the Arabian Oryx are silvery white. The Beisa and Southern Oryxes have gray and black coats with vivid black-and-white faces, while most of the spiral-horned antelopes have pale vertical stripes on their backs.

In size, antelopes vary in range from the tiny Royal Antelope standing about 25 cm (10 in) high and weighing 1.5 kg (3.3 1b), to the Derby Eland reaching about 1.8 m (6 ft) in height and weighing up to 680 kg (1,500 lb). They can be found in a wide range of habitats such as wooded-forests, savannahs, grassland and marshes. Several species have adapted to mountains and rocky outcrops, and a few others to deserts (both hot and cold), some are even semi-aquatic and live in swamps.

Addax - Blackbuck - Dama Gazelle

Antelopes are ruminants and have well-developed molar teeth used to grind cud (i.e. chewing the cud) into a pulp for further digestion. They have no upper incisors but rather a hard upper gum pad against which their lower incisors bite in order to tear grass from the ground and leaves from trees. Using a complex digestive system, plant food is first swallowed, stored and part digested before being regurgitated back to the mouth for chewing, then re-swallowed into the next stomach. Antelopes as well as cattle, goats, deer and giraffes, all have a four-chambered stomachs. Their digestive systems also allows them to survive without water for long periods, getting all the water they need through the plants, shrubs and sagebrush they feed on.

Like many other plant eating animals, antelopes rely on their keen senses to avoid danger from predators. Their eyes are placed on the sides of their heads, giving them a broad radius of vision which affords them excellent eyesight with minimal binocular vision. The fact that most species have their pupils elongated horizontally also helps in this respect. Acute senses of smell and hearing give antelopes the ability to perceive danger at night, even out in the open. Some antelope are solitary but many of the species travel in herds.

In communicating between others animals of the same species, many antelope “flash” each other using markings on their heads, ears, legs and tail. More conspicuous to many antelope is a characteristic white patch on the rump. When alarmed the hairs of the white patch stand erect, which makes the patch appear to flash in warning, and can be seen for miles around. In vocal communication they use a variation of noises, which include: barking, whistling, mooing and trumpeting. They also use scent to define their territories or simply to maintain contact with others in their areas.

Waterbucks - Hartebeests

In many species of antelope both males and females have horns, which are permanent unlike the annually-shed antlers of deer. Those of the male antelope tend to be larger, but size and shape of horns vary immensely. Most common antelope have backward curving or backward pointing horns like the Yellow-backed Duiker, or straight and upright horns like the Steenbok. Others have twisted horns (Common Eland), spiral horns (Greater Kudu), “recurved” horns (Reedbucks), lyrate horns (Impala) or long and curved horns (Oryxes). Horns are efficient weapons and tend to be better developed in those species where males fight over females making their horns clash in combat.

Hooves are another common feature among antelope and are adapted among different species to suit their individual habitats. Each hoof has a split down the middle, which effectively divides the hoof into two “toes”. Those that live in the wetlands and swamps of Central Africa like the “sitatungas antelope”, have wide hooves up to 7 ins (18 cms) across to help them walk on mud or matted plants without slipping. Similarly the “lechwe” and “impala” antelopes live in swampy areas of the Nile, and have long pointed hooves to give them sure footing in the water. The small slender-horned “gazelle” of the open African plains has sturdy wide hooves so it can walk on the shifting sand of the desert, while the “klipspringer” antelope of the rocky north of Ethiopia and Nigeria have tiny rounded hooves with a pad in the center that acts like a suction cup enabling them to nimbly hop from rock to rock without falling.

With the antelope having so many different species it is only possible to generalise on their life spans and breeding habits, but a common medium sized antelope tends to breed in August and September, and after a gestation period of about eight to nine months their young (normally one or sometimes twins) are born in the following May or June. The young are generally born with similar markings to the adults, unlike the spotted fawns of the deer family, after which they are kept hidden and fed by the mother several times a day until they are strong enough to travel with the rest of the adults.

Oribi - Impala

Depending on the species, an antelope’s age to maturity can vary from 9 months to 5 years, while their lifespan in the wild is thought to be 6 to 8 years. In captivity, wildebeest have been known to live beyond 20 years old, and Impalas have reached their late teens. In the wild however, few animals of the passive prey species live to an old age, as the old and weak fall prey to their predators; antelopes are no exception to this rule.

Native to America is the Pronghorn antelope, a mammal belonging to a different family (Antilocapra americana). Standing about 90 cm (3 feet) at the shoulder and weighing about 55 kg (120 lbs), the pronghorn is considered to be the fastest animal in North America with a maximum-recorded speed of 86.5 km/h (53.8 mph). Both sexes of the pronghorn bear erect horns that branch into two prongs, the longer curving backward and the shorter projecting forward. Its coat is generally reddish brown with a dark brown mane, white under-body, two white bands on its neck and a large white patch on its rump, which when alarmed stands out producing a white flash in warning.

Pronghorns inhabit the open plains and semi-desert areas of America, where they feed on grass, sagebrush, cactus and other herbaceous plants. They live alone or in small bands in the summer and form larger herds in winter. The male gathers a harem in late summer, and the female bears one or two young fawns (twins) after a gestation period of about eight months.

Pronghorn antelope of America

In the past the pronghorn was widely hunted as a game animal, and during the 1920s the number of pronghorns left in the wild was thought to be less than 20,000. Today with better control of hunting and good wildlife management, the population is back to between 750,000 and 1 million.

Other species of antelope include: Addax; Blackbuck; Blesbok; Duiker; Gazelle; Gnu; Nilgai; Dik-dik, Gerenuk, Gemsbok, Hartebeest, Impala, Klipspringer, Greater Kudu, Nyala, Oribi, Arabian Oryx, Grey Rhebok, Roan Antelope, Royal Antelope, Sable Antelope, Springbok, Suni, Tibetan Antelope, Topi, Waterbuck and Blue Wildebeest, just to mention a few.

Myths and Folklore

In the folklore of Liberia, the Royal Antelope is a figure renowned for its speed and wisdom. Because of its small size and habits, it was known locally as the “King of the Hares”, and it is from this kingly appellation that the common name “Royal Antelope” was derived.

In many cultures the horn of an antelope is prized for its medicinal and magical properties. The horn of the male “saiga antelope” for instance, is ground up as an aphrodisiac and was once threatened near to extinction by demand for its horn in traditional Chinese medicine. Once a vanishing species, the saiga antelope is now protected and in 1994 was listed in Appendix II of CITES requiring a special permit for its trade. Its total population in 1995 was estimated at about 1 million.

Christian iconography sometimes uses the antelope’s horns as a symbol representing the Old Testament and the New Testament. The antelopes ability to run swiftly has also led to their association with the wind, such as in the Rig Veda, as the steeds of the Maruts and the wind god Vayu. In the Congo the horns of the antelope are thought to contain ancestral spirits.

In African mythology as creatures of grace and speed, the antelope suggests the power and elusiveness of the spirits. They are often seen in the Chi Wara, a headdress or facemask worn by the Bambara of Mali. The Chi Wara antelope mask is made of polished and painted wood, and is worn by members of the Bambara in rituals associated with planting and harvesting. The dance they perform while wearing this mask honours Chi Wara, the Bambara God of agriculture.

Chi Wara Antelope Mask

Similarly the Kurumba people of the Nilgiri Hills in southern India produce a masked headdress in the form of an antelope. The powerful neck supports a head with a long pointed protruding snout. Earlier versions had large ears curving to the towering horns in a semi-circular fashion (echoing the curve of the chi wara mane of the Bambara). Early versions of the masks were fashioned with face covering much like the masks of the neighbouring Dogon people of Mali. Many of the masks are painted with geometric designs using natural pigments of white (kaolin), black (river mud or charcoal) and reddish brown (ochre), while the horns are banded in stripes of the same colours.

Kurumba Antelope Mask - Antelope Dancers - Decorated Kurumba Mask

The Kurumba masks are used in three major events during the tribes annual cycle. In the first instance the masks are worn to escort the corpses of dead elders to their tombs, and supervise the burial on behalf of the spirits of their ancestors. Weeks or even months later during the dry season, the masks are used again to complete the funeral rites by honouring the deceased and freeing their spirits to travel to the world of their ancestors. Finally just before the first rains of the season the masks are worn at collective sacrifices in which the ancestors are honoured together with the spirit of the protective antelope “Hippotragus koba”, the totem antelope of most Kurumba tribes.

At funerals and at public performances, the masks act as the physical re-embodiment of the spirit of the deceased elder, during which the mask may be addressed using the dead person’s name. The mask is a means of preserving the memory of the dead, by providing a physical reminder of the dead elder’s achievements in life. In addition a mask carved at the death of a high-ranking elder serves to enhance the prestige of the deceased. When not in use the masks are placed on altars in the ancestral spirit house located within the family compound, on this the living offer sacrifices to the dead and secure their blessings for the year to come.

Stories and Tales

The Antelope and a Frog

The Kootenai Indian tribes who once inhabited the area of present-day west-Montana tell a story about an Antelope and a Frog: “The antelope was very proud animal, but also very arrogant about his running ability. One day he boasted to frog about his superior speed over all other animals. This irritated the frog who decided to trick the antelope into a race along the creek-bed. The antelope smugly took up his challenge and bet heavily on winning the race. Before the race however, frog called all his relatives and cleverly hid them in the reeds of the creek-bed, and when the race started they jumped up in sequence just in front of the speeding antelope. Since each frog only had to jump once they never got tired, while the antelope soon became exhausted and was beaten to the finish line. When the antelope expressed his amazement at the speed of the frog, the frog confessed and told him it was not so much that he was a faster runner, more that he was a faster thinker” :-)

The Antelope and the Deer

In a Tachi Yokut Legend of the Native North American peoples in central California, an antelope and the deer were roaming together around Tulare Lake when the antelope said: “I bet I can beat you running”, “I think not” said the deer “for I can leap and bound as quick as you can run”. The antelope replied: “Well, let us try”, and so the antelope and the deer agreed to run a race.

The deer said: “Let us go to the south of the lake and run northward”. When they arrived they could see that to the west of the lake was open plains, while the east of the lake was covered in patches of brush. The antelope said: “As you boost you can leap and bound as quick as I can run, I will take west side of the lake and you can take the east side”, to which the deer agreed.

As part of the agreement the antelope said: “If I win, all this open country will be mine and you will have to hide forever in the brush”. The deer replied: “Very well then, and if I win it will be the same for you”.

Needless to say the antelope won, for the deer couldn’t complete the race when he leapt into a particularly dense patch of brush and failed to get out. This is why today the antelopes live on the plains while the deer remains hidden in the brush.

The Golden Antelope

In a folktale from West Java there once was an old and poor man who lived alone in the jungle. His wife had passed away years ago and he did not have any children. He made a humble living by collecting firewood, which he sold in the local village. One day the old man saw a beautiful antelope, but it was different from any other antelope he had ever seen, for the colour of its skin was golden. As the old man walked slowly towards the antelope, he could see that it looked very weak. When he gave the antelope some food it spoke and said: “Oh! Thank you Sir, you are very kind”.

The old man was shocked: “You can talk? Who are you? Are you the ghost of the jungle?” he asked in surprise! “I’m sorry old man, but I cannot tell you who I am, if I do many people will come and hunt me, so please don’t tell anyone about me” replied the antelope. Since the old man had found a new friend in the golden antelope, and someone to talk too, he didn’t feel lonely anymore and promised not to tell a soul.

Sometime later the old man fell ill and couldn’t collect his firewood. “Don’t worry old man, I will collect the wood for you” said the golden antelope. The golden antelope then went out into the jungle to collect the wood, but didn’t realise that some hunters were following. One of the hunters was a handsome young prince called Wijaya. Prince Wijaya loaded an arrow in his bow and fired it at the golden antelope. When the arrow hit the antelope a plume of smoke surrounded its body, but when the smoke dissipated instead of seeing the antelope, a beautiful young girl appeared.

“Oh! Thank you Sir, you have just released me from a curse. I am Princess Sutha. A witch cursed me into a golden antelope and I could only turn back into human if a prince hit me with his arrow” she explained. Later Prince Wijaya asked her to go back to his kingdom with him, but Princess Sutha would only agree is the old man could join them. So they returned to the old man’s house and asked him. The old man was surprised to have a prince and princess visit his home, and was so happy after Princess Sutha explained everything. He then agreed when they asked him to live with them in the palace. Not long after Prince Wijaya and Princess Sutha were married and lived happily ever after.

The Legend of Unumbotte

The Bassari tribe in northern Togo, West Africa, worship a creator God called Unumbotte, who according to legend made all living things:

When Unumbotte came down from the sky he made human beings and named them Man. Unumbotte made an antelope and named it Antelope. Unumbotte made a snake and named it Snake. At the time he made these three there were no trees but one, a palm. Nor had the earth been pounded smooth. One day while all three were sitting on the rough ground Unumbotte said to them: “The earth has not yet been pounded smooth. You must pound the ground smooth where you are sitting”. Unumbotte next gave them seeds of all kinds and said: “Go plant these seeds”. Then Unumbotte went away back into the sky.

When Unumbotte returned from the sky he saw that the three had not yet pounded the earth smooth. They had planted the seeds however, for one of the seeds had sprouted and grown into a tree. It had grown tall and was bearing red fruit. Every seven days Unumbotte would return from the sky and pluck one of the red fruits. One day Snake said: “We too should eat these fruits. Why must we go hungry”? Antelope said: “But we do not know anything about this fruit”. Then Man and his wife took some of the fruit and ate it.

When next Unumbotte came down from the sky he asked: “Who ate the fruit”? They answered: “We did”. Unumbotte asked: “Who told you that you could eat that fruit”? They replied: “Snake did”. Unumbotte asked: “Why did you listen to Snake”? They said: “We were hungry”. Unumbotte then questioned Antelope: “Are you hungry too”? Antelope said: “Yes I get hungry. I like to eat grass”. Since then the Antelope has lived in the wild eating grass.

Unumbotte then gave Man seed to plant sorghum, yams and millet, and thereafter all the people gathered in separate eating groups and eat from the same bowl, never the bowls of the other groups. It was from this that differences in language arose. And ever since then the people have ruled the land. But Unumbotte gave Snake a medicine, with which to bite people :-)

Antelope Totem Spirit and Medicine:

Contributed by - Patricia Jean Martin

As totem spirit animals, all horned or antlered animals have a strong connection to the qualities related to the Brow (or Third Eye) and the Crown Chakras. Those related to the Brow/Third Eye indicate intuition, insight and meditation, which clear the subconscious to open the Chakra to knowledge and intellect. Those related to the Crown are to do with the Higher Self, Spirit and spiritual connection to the Divine, other ethereal matters and wisdom.

The antelope has horns similar in some respects to the antlers of deer, however the horns of the antelope are permanent unlike the annually shed antlers of deer. This suggests that those with antelope as their Totem are most often focused on knowledge and wisdom and are incessantly seeking to connect it to their spiritual examinations. The antelope will ask even further that you use your mental prowess in additional endeavours, and will ensure that your quick-witted and keen mental agility will serve you well in all you do.

Seeing any antelope in a totem capacity (be it as a Life Totem or merely a Messenger Totem) may suggest that you will soon be engaged in increased mental activity, or it is an acknowledgement that you already have been and will continue to be engaged in such, but in an even more pronounced and worthy way. It is also an indication that your own psychic ability is about to increase in size and scope, and that you will be guided on how to use it in the most benevolent way. If ever stuck for an answer or for even a new way of looking at things, calling on antelope will provide the insight, knowledge and ideas needed to start drawing on that blank page before you.

The antelope can live almost anywhere, and is found in various environments. They have a very thick hide - thicker than most - and it is used in a protective capacity in order to be able to endure these different environments. Those with antelope as a totem may find that they need to develop a thicker skin of their own, meaning to become less emotionally sensitive and more secure in their knowledge of self-worth, something which precludes being able to deal well with adversity of any kind. Or, it may indicate that you already have a thick skin and can withstand much more than other more sensitive types, and like water rolling off a duck’s back, not too much will be able to penetrate and bother you. It is very common for one who is very emotional or very empathic to have antelope show up to deliver these messages and more.

This thicker hide acts like an insulator. Being insulated, you are better able to venture outside and come out of hiding. Once out in the open, antelope can teach you how to communicate with the great wit and wisdom that you already possess. All antelopes are fast - adults are able to run up to 70 mph or more, and baby fawns can even run up to 25 mph within the first day of life! This signifies the quick-wittedness and intelligence already there and just waiting to burst out in communication with others. There will also be an increase in curiosity...questions, questions, questions... all meant for further gaining of knowledge that will lead to wisdom. Those with an antelope totem are prone to have very active imaginations.

Antelopes have large eyes. Their eyesight is excellent (8 times that of a human’s) and they possess a wide range of vision. When antelope comes into your life, you will be pushed to widen your own range of vision. With large eyes (also a signal that clairvoyance will be increased), you may find your mind and imagination will be in over-drive, constantly seeking out and enjoying greater and greater thoughts and ideas. The antelope uses this wider range of vision for both greater insight into what is going on around them, and for a greater ability to protect themselves. If danger arises, an antelope will raise the white patch of fur on its rump end as a signal to others that something is amiss. This shows another side of their survival instincts and capacity to protect themselves and those around them. Those with antelope totem will be both loyal and protective with their family and friends.

Being able to see with their keen eyesight that small white flash on the rump of another antelope far in the distance, symbolizes a heightened development of psychic and intuitive prowess in those who harken to antelope’s call. Your senses are known to be sharp already, but will be further awakened. Learning to use this inherent sense of prediction will increase your chances to live a “charmed life”. It also helps you in disarming your opponents and outwitting them at every turn. Antelope medicine teaches action based on knowledge. Protect yourself though from the arrogance that may accompany such broad based knowledge, and you will have learned a valuable lesson from the spirit of this swift and sure-footed animal.

The sense of smell is strong for the antelope, and so may yours become stronger. Aromatherapy should be studied and utilized, especially the scent of musk. Along with your increased psychic awareness, this greater sense of smell will allow you to more readily pick up on the fragrances of spiritual entities, or on anyone around you actually. It’s not unusual for those working with antelope to suddenly smell strange fragrances in the air around them. In another sense, this strong sense of smell symbolizes the antelope’s ability to teach you how to more readily discern the differences between things which “smell right” and would thus be advantageous to you, and things that “don’t smell right”, thus warranting a more careful approach. In either event, antelope will teach you how to make wise decisions and how best to act on them.

Spring is the most fruitful season for the antelope. Females usually give birth at this time (sometimes to twins) and will deliver them in different areas. This can be a prediction of two separate and different activities or opportunities that will present themselves to you during springtime. It doesn’t have to necessarily take place in spring though, as it may depend on when the antelope first arrived as your totem. Whenever they do arrive, always be on the lookout for a dual interest or activity to show up in your life. The activities may be connected in some way, but are uniquely their own in essence. Good fortune may come from them if pursued wisely. And sometimes they are just two back-to-back strokes of good luck. Giving birth and consciously deciding to deliver their infants in different areas is also an indication of the cunning protectiveness of antelope, along with reminding us to not put all our eggs in one basket. It is best to diversify for the protection of one's assets or for the birth of one's newly-formed ideas.

Antelopes can go for a very long time...sometimes years or even a lifetime...without drinking water. Their digestive systems allow them to get all the water they need through the plants, shrubs and sagebrush that they feed on. In this, Antelope can teach you how to exist and prosper in any environment, wherever you may be. They teach you how to adapt in even the most stringent or inhabitable places. Antelope medicine will show you how to find greater love and an abundance of life in most anything you encounter.

End

Totem Sources:

"Animal-Speak" by Ted Andrews

Antelope, himself

Written and compiled on the 20th April 2008 © Patricia Jean Martin

Main Text Sources:

http://www.angelfire.com/id/newpubs/thinker2.html

http://www.randafricanart.com/index1.html

http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/game_antelope.shtml

http://www.daniellesgarden.org/dw-myth.htm

http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/a-mammal.html

Written and compiled on the 22^nd April 2008 © George Knowles

Best wishes and Blessed Be

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(Departed Pagan Pioneers, Founders, Elders and Others)

Pagan Pioneers: Founders, Elders, Leaders and Others

Abramelin the Mage / Agrippa / Aidan A Kelly / Albertus Magnus - “Albert the Great” / Aleister Crowley - “The Great Beast” / Alex Sanders - “King of the Witches” / Alison Harlow / Allan Bennett - the Ven. Ananda Metteyya / Allan Kardec (Spiritism) / Alphonsus de Spina / Amber K / Ann Moura / Anna Franklin / Anodea Judith / Anton Szandor LaVey / Arnold Crowther / Arthur Edward Waite / Austin Osman Spare / Balthasar Bekker / Biddy Early / Barbara Vickers / Bridget Cleary - The Fairy Witch of Clonmel / Carl " Llewellyn" Weschcke / Cecil Hugh Williamson / Charles Godfrey Leland / Charles Walton / Christopher Penczak / Christina Oakley Harrington / Cornelius Loos / Damh the Bard - "Dave Smith" / Dion Fortune / Dolores Aschroft-Nowicki / Donald Michael Kraig / Doreen Valiente / Dorothy Morrison / Dr. John Dee & Edward Kelly / Dr. Leo Louis Martello / Edain McCoy / Edward Fitch / Eleanor Ray Bone - “Matriarch of British Witchcraft” / Eliphas Levi / Ernest Thompson Seton / Ernest Westlake / Fiona Horne / Frederick McLaren Adams - Feraferia / Friedrich von Spee / Francis Barrett / Gavin and Yvonne Frost and the School and Church of Wicca / Gerald B. Gardner - The father of contemporary Witchcraft / Gwydion Pendderwen / Hans Holzer / Helen Duncan / Herman Slater - Horrible Herman / Heinrich Kramer / Isaac Bonewits / Israel Regardie / Ivo Domínguez Jr. / Jack Whiteside Parsons - Rocket Science and Magick / James "Cunning" Murrell - The Master of Witches / Janet Farrar and Gavin Bone / Jean Bodin / Jessie Wicker Bell - “Lady Sheba” / Johann Weyer / Johannes Junius - "The Burgomaster of Bamberg" / Johann Georg Fuchs von Dornheim - the “Hexenbrenner” (witch burner) / John Belham-Payne / John George Hohman - "Pow-wow" / John Gerard / John Gordon Hargrave and the Kibbo Kith Kindred / John Michael Greer / John Score / Joseph “Bearwalker” Wilson / Joseph John Campbell / Karl von Eckartshausen / Lady Gwen Thompson - and "The Rede of the Wiccae" / Laurie Cabot - "the Official Witch of Salem" / Lewis Spence / Lodovico Maria Sinistrari / Ludwig Lavater / Madeline Montalban and the Order of the Morning Star / Margaret Alice Murray / Margot Adler / Michael Howard and the UK "Cauldron Magazine" / Margaret St. Clair - the “Sign of the Labrys” / Marie Laveau - " the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans" / Marion Weinstein / Martin Antoine Del Rio / Matthew Hopkins - “The Witch-Finder General” / Max Ehrmann and the "Desiderata" / Michael A. Aquino - and The Temple of Set / Monique Wilson / Montague Summers / Nicholas Culpeper / Nicholas Remy / M. R. Sellars / Mrs. Maud Grieve - "A Modern Herbal" / Oberon Zell-Ravenheart and Morning Glory / Old Dorothy Clutterbuck / Old George Pickingill / Olivia Durdin-Robertson - co-founder of the Fellowship of Isis / Paddy Slade / Pamela Colman-Smith / Paracelsus / Patricia Crowther / Patricia Monaghan / Patricia “Trish” Telesco / Paul Foster Case and the “Builders of the Adytum” mystery school / Peter Binsfeld / Philip Heselton / Raven Grimassi / Raymond Buckland / Reginald Scot / Richard Baxter / Robert Cochrane / Robert ‘von Ranke’ Graves and the "The White Goddess" / Rosaleen Norton - “The Witch of Kings Cross” / Rossell Hope Robbins / Ross Nichols and the " Order of Bards, Ovates & Druids" (OBOD) / Rudolf Steiner / Sabrina Underwood - "The Ink Witch" / Scott Cunningham / Selena Fox - founder of "Circle Sanctuary" / Silver Ravenwolf / Sir Francis Dashwood / Sir James George Frazer and the " The Golden Bough" / S.L. MacGregor Mathers and the “Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn” / Starhawk / Stewart Farrar / Sybil Leek / Ted Andrews / The Mather Family - (includes: Richard Mather, Increase Mather and Cotton Mather ) / Thomas Ady / T. Thorn Coyle / Vera Chapman / Victor & Cora Anderson and the " Feri Tradition" / Vivianne Crowley / Walter Brown Gibson / Walter Ernest Butler / William Butler Yeats / Zsuzsanna Budapest /

Many of the above biographies are briefs and far from complete. If you know about any of these individuals and can help with additional information, please contact me privately at my email address below. Many thanks for reading :-)

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