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Pagan Pioneers: Founders, Elders, Leaders and Others
Dr. John Dee
"A sixteenth century portrait of John Dee, the artist is unknown. Believed to have been painted when Dee was 67. It once belonged to his grandson Rowland Dee then later to Elias Ashmole, who left it to Oxford University".
Written and compiled by George Knowles
Dr. John Dee was a famous Alchemist, Mathematician, Astronomer and Astrologer; he was also an advisor to Queen Elizabeth I on matters pertaining to science and astrology, as such he was sometimes referred to as “the last royal magician”. A serious academic some thought him to be the most learned man in the whole of Europe. Fascinated by all things occult, he was an adept in Hermetic and Cabbalistic philosophy, and spent much of his later life in efforts to communicate with Angelic spirits.
John Dee’s father was a Welshman called Rowland Dee, a merchant and gentleman tailor at the court of Henry VIII, in which capacity he would have made clothing for the royal household, as well as buying and supplying fabrics for the King. Dee's mother Jane Wild, married his father when she was just fifteen years of age, and John Dee was born three years later in Tower Ward, London on the 13th July 1527 (John was their first and only child).
Such was his father’s affluence; he was able to give his son a decent education. Dee first attended Chantry School in Chelmsford, Essex from 1537 – 1542, when at the age of 15, he began his higher education at St. John’s College Cambridge studying Greek, Latin, Philosophy, Geometry, Mathematics and Astronomy. In 1546, Dee graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree and was made a Fellow of St John's College. In December that same year, he was made a Founding Fellow of the newly formed Trinity College with the post of ‘Under Reader of Greek’, receiving in 1548 his Master of the Arts degree.
While he was at Cambridge, a serious charge of sorcery was brought against him. Dee had created a mechanical flying beetle for a stage production of Aristophanes’ "Pax"; which apparently was so realistic some thought it the work of the devil. These were the early days of scientific exploration in many fields, when many new discoveries were viewed with scepticism and closely allied with witchcraft and sorcery. Such accusations would plague Dee for much of his life.
After clearing his name and unhappy with the scientific attitude and accusations that had been levelled at him in England, in 1548 Dee traveled to Europe to continue his education. Arriving at Louvain University in Belgium on 24th of June, he studied under Gemma Frisius and formed a close friendship with his student Gerardus Mercator (both were leading lights in the fields of Mathematics, Astronomy and Geography). In 1550 he traveled up to Brussels were he met and exchange views with many of the leading scholars and mathematicians of the day.
That same year Dee moved on to the Sorbonne in Paris where he was invited to lecture on ‘Euclid’ (the Greek mathematician circa 300 BC. Euclid was most important for his use of the deductive principles of logic as the basis of Geometry. His book ‘The Elements’ was used as a textbook on geometry for over 2000 years). Dee was an impressive lecturer and his lectures were extremely popular, it was reported that people filled his lecture room whenever he was speaking. Indeed he was so popular and successful, he was offered a post as Professor of Mathematics, and received offers of patronage from many European Monarchs and nobles. Dee however refused them all, wishing to continue his career back in England.
While in Europe, Dee became heavily influenced by the occult writings of Henry Cornelius Agrippa (1486-1535), a protégé of abbot Johann Trithemius, and during his travels began collecting what would become one of the largest private collections of rare books, manuscripts and curios in Europe at that time. Many of his books were associated with Science, Hermetic knowledge, Occult philosophy and Alchemy. On his return to England in 1551, Dee brought back not only his collection of rare books, but also an important collection of mathematical and astronomical instruments, including the maps, charts and globes he had worked on with Frisius and Mercator.
Back in England, Dee was invited to the court of King Edward VI (then only 13 years of age), there to act as an advisor and tutor on scientific matters. In return he was given a post as Rector of Severn-upon-Severn in Worcestershire, and with it the assurance of a home and an income of one hundred crowns a year. This would allow Dee to continued his scientific studies without financial worry, during which time he devoted himself more and more to astrology. He also enjoyed the patronage of the Earl of Pembroke and entered into the service of the Duke of Northumberland as a private tutor to his children.
After the death of the young boy King in 1553, Dee’s hopes for a financially secure future died with him. By this time though, he had gained a reputation as a leading astrologer, and when Queen Mary (Bloody Mary) ascended to the throne, he was asked to cast her horoscope and that of her prospective husband King Philip II of Spain. However, Mary’s reign brought with it a turbulent time for England. A staunch Roman Catholic, she quickly instigated a campaign of persecution against eminent Protestants.
One such person arrested was Roland Dee, John Dee's father, who was taken prisoner in August 1553. He was later released, but only after he had been deprived of all his financial assets, he died later without recovering his wealth. This was a terrible blow for John Dee, as he had expected to inherit a considerable fortune from his father, which would have enabled him to carry on his studies free from the need to earn an income. In 1554, Dee was offered a post as Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford, a position that may have resolved his financial problems, but once again he turned the position down. Dee was still disillusioned with the English sceptical mistrust toward science, as once again controversy came knocking.
One of Dee’s cousins was a Maid of Honour to princess Elizabeth I, who because of her Protestant sympathies was forced to live in seclusion at Hatfield House in Hertfordshire. Through his cousin, Dee dangerously formed a link with Elizabeth and cast her horoscope prophesising Mary’s death and her own accession to the throne. Because of this involvement, Dee was arrested and accused of trying to murder the Queen by black magic. Fortunately for Dee the only evidence his accusers could find was Mary’s horoscope, which he had shown to Elizabeth. Although being acquitted of the charge, Dee was imprisoned at Hampton Court near Richmond, London.
Dee was freed by an act of the Privy Council in 1555, and a year later in January 1556 he presented Queen Mary with plans for a National library. He had hoped for her patronage to fund a Royal library in which many of the worlds most important books of learning could be collected, preserved and accessed by scholars, academics and the general public. Sadly his plans didn’t receive official backing, but undaunted and despite his financial difficulties, Dee set out to create his own.
In efforts to improve his finances, Dee returned to the Continent for a couple of years, and traveled throughout Europe. He was by this time well known as an astronomer and started teaching astrology for a living; among his pupils were Monarchs, Prince’s and nobles. Dee also studied the Talmud, Rosicrucian theories and practiced alchemy in the hope of finding the ‘Elixir of Life’ and the ‘Philosopher's Stone’. After the death of Queen Mary in 1558, Dee returned to England and when Elizabeth I took the throne, he became her trusted advisor. She was so impressed with him, he was asked to pick a propitious day for her Coronation, and even to give her lessons in astrology.
This was the beginning of the British age of expansionism in commerce and geographical exploration, literature and the arts also flourished. From the late 1550s through the 1570s, Dee served as an advisor on some of England's earliest voyages of discovery, providing technical assistance in navigation and ideologically backing the creation of a British Empire. Later in 1577, he published ‘General and Rare Memorials pertayning to the Perfect Arte of Navigation’, a work that sets out his vision of a maritime empire and asserting England’s territorial claims on the New World. To this end he was acquainted with Sir Walter Raleigh and his half brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert (both early English explorers who sought to colonize the America’s and Newfoundland under the patronage of Elizabeth I).
However, despite his efforts and favour with the new Queen Elizabeth, she never granted him the generous income he had received from the previous King Edward VI. His income from astrology was meagre in England, so Dee once again returned to the Continent for richer pickings. Some say he returned as a spy on behalf of the Queen, during a time when her relationship with Europe was strained.
While on his travels, Dee continued adding to his already considerable collection of rare books, and in Antwerp in 1563, he found a book of particular interest, a rare copy of ‘Stenographia’ by the German Benedictine abbot Johann Trithemius. Written about 100 hundred years earlier, it was a treatise on Cryptography and Angelic magic, full of numbers, symbols and ciphers. This inspired Dee to write his own book on the subject ‘Monas Hieroglyphia’ (The Hieroglyphic Monad, published in Antwerp in 1564), a cabalistic interpretation of a glyph of his own design, meant to express the mystical unity of all things.
Dee's glyph, which he explains in his ‘Monas Hieroglyphica’.
Back in England, Dee moved in with his mother at the family home in Mortlake, near Chiswick in London. There he set about organising his collection of scholarly books into a working library, and for many years thereafter his home became one of the countries major centers of science and research. During his travels throughout Europe, Dee had managed to salvage many ancient texts from Churches and Monasteries that had been ransacked during the Reformation. His collection by this time included 4000 rare books and manuscripts, as well as a collection of maps, globes and astronomical instruments, many of which today can still be found in the British Museum.
In 1665 Dee married his first wife Katherine Constable, however there is very little known about her except that she died childless of unknown causes in 1575. During which time in 1568 he wrote and had published ‘Propaedeumata Aphoristica’, a work that mixed Physics, Mathematics, Astrology and Magic. He presented it to Queen Elizabeth, a frequent visitor to his home, and to whom he gave lessons in mathematics and astrology to enable her to understand it. Then in 1570, Dee edited what would become his most famous addition to the annuls of English academia, an English translation of Euclid's ‘Elements’, to which he wrote a famous preface justifying the study of mathematics:
“O comfortable allurement, O ravishing persuasion to deal with a science whose subject is so ancient, so pure, so excellent, so surrounding all creatures, so used of the almighty and incomprehensible wisdom of the Creator, in distinct creation of all creatures: in all their distinct parts, properties, natures, and virtues, by order, and most absolute number, brought from nothing to the formality of their being and state”.
Commonly thought to have been translated by Sir Henry Billingsley, (who later became the sheriff and Lord Mayor of London), many now believe that Dee may have written part or all of it himself.
After the death of his first wife Katherine in 1575, there are some rumours that Dee married a second women who died just a year later in 1576, however no name has been given to her, nor is there any mention in his diaries about her, so this mystery marriage cannot be substantiated? What can be corroborated is that in 1578 Dee married Jane Fromond, a lady in waiting at Elizabeth’s court. Much younger than he, she eventually bore him eight children, their eldest son Arthur Dee, like his father became an alchemist and author of hermetic works.
In 1579, Dee's devoted mother bequeathed the family home in Mortlake to him and died the following year. Dee was devastated and perhaps in attempts to make contact with her in the afterlife, began to experiment with various means spiritualism and divination. He had in his possession a scrying mirror, made of black obsidian glass (believed to have been obtained by Hernán Cortés, the Spanish conquistador after he had conquered the Aztec empire and secured Mexico for Spain in 1521), but Dee lacked the mediumistic abilities necessary to make contact, he recorded in his diaries a note: “I know I can not see, nor scry”. As a consequence of these early attempts at spirit contact, Dee became fascinated by recurring dreams. Jane his wife, also started to have strange dreams, which along with his own he carefully recorded in his diaries.
Dee’s fascination with divination and spirit contact would occupy much of the rest of his life.
Dee meets Edward Kelly
Edward
Kelly
Due to his lack of success with the mirror, Dee next began to experiment with crystal gazing, another method of divination by scrying. In his diary of the 25th May 1581, he notes that he first saw spirits while crystal gazing. After using the crystal many times, Dee discovered that only by intense concentration could he use it, he also found it difficult to record his communications during sessions on his own, and would need the aid of an assistant. To this end he started to seek help from spiritualists, mediums and psychics. Dee’s first choice assistant was Barnabas Saul, but someone from the court of Queen Elizabeth suggested that he maybe in league with his enemies, and out to trap him into a charge of sorcery, so Dee quickly let him go.
Dee’s second choice was Edward Talbott. Talbott was born in Lancashire in 1555, and is thought to be of Irish decent. While not a lot is known about his early life, he may have studied at Oxford, though perhaps not at the university, for he was educated to a degree in Latin and Greek. At sometime before his meeting with Dee, Talbott was convicted of counterfeiting and sentenced to be pilloried at Lancaster, as a consequence of which he lost his ears. He then moved to Worcester were he became an apothecaries assistant, an alchemist who quickly gained a reputation as a seer and necromancer.
Talbott was a con man, only interested in how to get rich quick, but he needed the academic stature and knowledge of someone like John Dee to advance his own credibility. On meeting with John Dee, and because of his past reputation, Talbott changed his name to Edward Kelly. Although Dee was an intelligent and learned man, he was also trusting and naive. Talbott, now Kelly, was very persuasive, he would look into a crystal and nearly every time convinced Dee that he could see spirits and visions. Dee was completely taken in by Kelly, and became more and more involved in conversing with Angels. Dee was so convinced of the truth of Kelly’s visions that he transcribed them verbatim, they can be found in a book called: ‘A True and Faithful Relation of what passed between Dr. Dee and some Spirits’, a book based on a manuscript that was found after his death.
From their relationship and labours, Dee and Kelly evolved the creation of a new magical system, which today it is called ‘Enochian Magic’. Kelly would sit down in front of the crystal or scrying mirror and describe what he saw and heard, Dee would sit nearby and record all the information, sometimes he would ask questions which Kelly would put to the spirits in the crystal or mirror. The angels he saw would then relate and instruct them to make large magical charts, on which they should place certain strange letters into column’s and magical graphs.
One particular spirit seems to have dominated their scrying sessions, and appeared time after time. She called herself ‘Madimi’. Dee recorded in his diaries that Madimi was: “A spiritual creature, a pretty girl of seven to nine years of age, half angel and half elfin". Apparently the spirit of Madimi taught Dee and Kelly her own Angelic language, which they then called Enochian. She also taught them certain calls and invocations in the same language, which should be used at the start of sessions to open the ways to higher levels of understanding.
However the relationship between Dee and Kelly was far from a tranquil one. While Dee concentrated on transcribing their communications, Kelly, still only interested in getting rich quick, continued to experiment with alchemy, over which they frequently quarreled. With the Inquisition in full swing and rampaging through Europe, and religious unrest fanning coals of superstition in England, the last thing Dee wanted was to be allied was alchemy and it’s associations with witchcraft and magic. But that didn’t stop Kelly, who during a pause after one such quarrel, claimed to have found a formula for changing lead into gold.
In February of 1583, Dee made a proposal to Queen Elizabeth to change and reform the English calendar, bringing it into line with the astronomical year. His proposal gained support from several of Elizabeth's advisors, but the Archbishop of Canterbury opposed it, he considered it too close to what the Catholic Church had adopted the previous year. Pope Gregory XIII adopted the Gregorian calendar based on the date of the Council of Nicaea in 325, while Dee’s proposed calendar was based on the astronomical year, rather than a political one. The failure of his calendar reform meant that England retained a calendar at odds with the rest of Europe until 1752.
Later that year in 1583, Duke Albert Laski of Bavaria visited Elizabeth’s court and was warmly received. The Queen asked John Dee if he could entertain the Duke and show him their experiments. The Duke was so impressed that he invited Dee and Kelly, together with their families, to visit with him in Bavaria. They agreed and for a time they stayed at his castle in Trebona, before continuing to travel around Poland and Bohemia. By which time they had gained celebrity status, and as a consequence were received at the homes and dinners tables of the rich and famous.
In 1584, Dee met and had talks with the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II and in the following year was invited to the court of Stephen Báthory the King of Poland. Meanwhile the flamboyant Kelly with his mediumistic abilities was attracting unfavourable criticism. They were after all ‘heretics’ (Protestants) practicing Magic in a predominantly Catholic Europe, and rumours of their conjuring spirits and demons soon began to spread.
At a meeting with the ‘papal nuncio’ (Vatican Ambassador) in 1586, Dee tried to deflect these spreading rumours, and at the same time made a plea for Christian unity and greater efforts to bring about an end to religious differences between Catholics and Protestants. However his plea’s fell on deaf ears, Dee later learned that on the advice of the ‘nuncio’, the Pope requested they be sent to Rome and interrogated by the Inquisition. Banned from Prague by Rudolph II, Dee and Kelly fled back to the castle at Trebona and the protection of Duke Laski of Bavaria. The Duke later managed to get the ban from Prague lifted.
Their favour restored Dee and Kelly returned to Prague under the patronage of Vilem Rozmberk, a wealthy Bohemian Count, who encouraged their continued experiments. However, under the patronage of Count Rozmberk, Kelly’s alchemical experiments took precedence, and was beginning to make him wealthy. Kelly had also longed for and lusted after Dee’s beautiful younger wife. Fed up with their constant spiritual conferences, which he deemed non-productive to his wealth, Kelly concocted a rouse to bring them to an end, thus allowing him to concentrate on alchemy and also gain him access to Dee’s wife.
In 1587, Kelly suddenly revealed to Dee that the angels had ordered them to share everything, including their wives. Dee was naturally anguished by the order, as was his wife Jane who had always loathed Kelly. Dee reluctantly acquiesced and persuaded Jane to agree, but whether or not Kelly succeeded in this wife swapping venture is not certain, that the incident did occur does seems probable, for Dee unsuccessfully tried to erase the incident from his diaries. In any event, Kelly succeeded, for in 1588 Dee broke off their spiritual conferences and ended their relationship, returning to England a year later without him.
As for Kelly, he stayed behind in Europe and by 1590 was living a life of opulence. Through the patronage Rozmberk he received several estates and large sums of money, at the same time convincing many other influential people he had found the elusive ‘Philosopher’s Stone’ and was able to produce gold. Rudolf II even made Kelly a ‘Baron’, but eventually tired of waiting for results. In May of 1591, he had Kelly arrested and imprisoned in the castle of Purglitz (today called Křivoklát) outside Prague.
When Kelly agreed to cooperate and produce gold; he was released and restored to his former status. But again he failed to produce gold and for a second time was arrested and imprisoned. Kelly died in 1597 at the age of forty-two. The story has it that he died while trying to escape from prison, but having used an insufficiently long rope to lower himself from a tower, he fell and broke his legs and died from his injuries.
Dee on the other hand was welcomed back to England by Elizabeth I, and returned to his home in Mortlake in December 1589, only to discover that much of his library and scientific instruments had been stolen. Over the next few years Dee suffers severe financial difficulties, and seeks the support of Queen Elizabeth I, who seeing his plight first gives him a position as Chancellor of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. But not wishing to be associated with his reputation, and to distance herself from him, in 1603 she makes him warden of Christ's College in Manchester.
Dee accepts the post, however his reputation precedes him and he is unable to command the respect of his Fellows. That same year Elizabeth I dies and advocates James VI (King of Scotland 1567-1603), as James I of England (1603-1625). In 1604, Dee petitioned James I for protection against such accusations stating: “that none of all the great number of the very strange and frivolous fables or histories reported and told of me are true”. However James I was unsympathetic to anything related to magic and witchcraft, given that he had participated in the trials of the North Berwick Witches, and already published in 1597 his famed and influential ‘Demonology’, a curse on the next two centuries.
In 1605, Manchester was hit by the dreaded plague, in which Jane his devoted wife and several of his children died. Dee by now a broken old man retired from public life and moved back to Mortlake. During his last few years, he irked out a living giving lessons in astrology, drawing horoscopes and fortune telling, he was even forced to sell off some of his prized books in order to feed himself. He died in extreme poverty at the age of 81 in 1608.
Dr. John Dee, despite his naivety was perhaps one of the keenest minds of his time. Credit must be given for making the calculations that would enable England to use the Gregorian calendar. He led the way for the preservation and the collection of historic documents and made great strides in the development astronomy, mathematics and navigation. It could be said that Dr. Dee was the one of the first modern scientists, and yet one of the last serious alchemists. His legacy has lived on and his Enochian magic has evolved, in the late 1800’s it was at the heart of the Order of the Golden Dawn’s teachings and appears in all their initiation ceremonies and rituals. Thanks to Israel Regardie these are now in the public domain and the last chapter of ‘The Golden Dawn’ is dedicated to the Enochian system, and finishes with an impressive Angelic Dictionary.
End
Sources
To be posted
First published on the 04th March 2007, 18:22:04 © George Knowles
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Trees:
In Worship of Trees - Myths, Lore and the Celtic Tree Calendar. For descriptions and correspondences of the thirteen sacred trees of Wicca/Witchcraft see the following: Birch / Rowan / Ash / Alder / Willow / Hawthorn / Oak / Holly / Hazel / Vine / Ivy / Reed / Elder
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Articles contributed by Patricia Jean Martin:
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Articles and Stories about Witchcraft:
Murdered by Witchcraft / The Fairy Witch of Clonmel / A Battleship, U-boat, and a Witch / The Troll-Tear (A story for Children) / Goody Hawkins - The Wise Goodwife / The Story of Jack-O-Lantern / The Murder of the Hammersmith Ghost / Josephine Gray (The Infamous Black Widow) / The Two Brothers - Light and Dark
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Pagan
Pioneers: Founders, Elders, Leaders and Others
Abramelin the Mage / Agrippa / Aidan A Kelly / Albertus Magnus - “Albert the Great” / Aleister Crowley - “The Great Beast” / Alex Sanders - “King of the Witches” / Alison Harlow / Allan Bennett - the Ven. Ananda Metteyya / Allan Kardec (Spiritism) / Alphonsus de Spina / Amber K / Ann Moura / Anna Franklin / Anodea Judith / Anton Szandor LaVey / Arnold Crowther / Arthur Edward Waite / Austin Osman Spare / Balthasar Bekker / Biddy Early / Barbara Vickers / Bridget Cleary - The Fairy Witch of Clonmel / Carl " Llewellyn" Weschcke / Cecil Hugh Williamson / Charles Godfrey Leland / Charles Walton / Christopher Penczak / Christina Oakley Harrington / Cornelius Loos / Damh the Bard - "Dave Smith" / Dion Fortune / Dolores Aschroft-Nowicki / Donald Michael Kraig / Doreen Valiente / Dorothy Morrison / Dr. John Dee & Edward Kelly / Dr. Leo Louis Martello / Edain McCoy / Edward Fitch / Eleanor Ray Bone - “Matriarch of British Witchcraft” / Eliphas Levi / Ernest Thompson Seton / Ernest Westlake / Fiona Horne / Frederick McLaren Adams - Feraferia / Friedrich von Spee / Francis Barrett / Gavin and Yvonne Frost and the School and Church of Wicca / Gerald B. Gardner - The father of contemporary Witchcraft / Gwydion Pendderwen / Hans Holzer / Helen Duncan / Herman Slater - Horrible Herman / Heinrich Kramer / Isaac Bonewits / Israel Regardie / Ivo Domínguez Jr. / Jack Whiteside Parsons - Rocket Science and Magick / James "Cunning" Murrell - The Master of Witches / Janet Farrar and Gavin Bone / Jean Bodin / Jessie Wicker Bell - “Lady Sheba” / Johann Weyer / Johannes Junius - "The Burgomaster of Bamberg" / Johann Georg Fuchs von Dornheim - the “Hexenbrenner” (witch burner) / John Belham-Payne / John George Hohman - "Pow-wow" / John Gerard / John Gordon Hargrave and the Kibbo Kith Kindred / John Michael Greer / John Score / Joseph “Bearwalker” Wilson / Joseph John Campbell / Karl von Eckartshausen / Lady Gwen Thompson - and "The Rede of the Wiccae" / Laurie Cabot - "the Official Witch of Salem" / Lewis Spence / Lodovico Maria Sinistrari / Ludwig Lavater / Madeline Montalban and the Order of the Morning Star / Margaret Alice Murray / Margot Adler / Michael Howard and the UK "Cauldron Magazine" / Margaret St. Clair - the “Sign of the Labrys” / Marie Laveau - " the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans" / Marion Weinstein / Martin Antoine Del Rio / Matthew Hopkins - “The Witch-Finder General” / Max Ehrmann and the "Desiderata" / Michael A. Aquino - and The Temple of Set / Monique Wilson / Montague Summers / Nicholas Culpeper / Nicholas Remy / M. R. Sellars / Mrs. Maud Grieve - "A Modern Herbal" / Oberon Zell-Ravenheart and Morning Glory / Old Dorothy Clutterbuck / Old George Pickingill / Olivia Durdin-Robertson - co-founder of the Fellowship of Isis / Paddy Slade / Pamela Colman-Smith / Paracelsus / Patricia Crowther / Patricia Monaghan / Patricia “Trish” Telesco / Paul Foster Case and the “Builders of the Adytum” mystery school / Peter Binsfeld / Philip Heselton / Raven Grimassi / Raymond Buckland / Reginald Scot / Richard Baxter / Robert Cochrane / Robert ‘von Ranke’ Graves and the "The White Goddess" / Rosaleen Norton - “The Witch of Kings Cross” / Rossell Hope Robbins / Ross Nichols and the " Order of Bards, Ovates & Druids" (OBOD) / Rudolf Steiner / Sabrina Underwood - "The Ink Witch" / Scott Cunningham / Selena Fox - founder of "Circle Sanctuary" / Silver Ravenwolf / Sir Francis Dashwood / Sir James George Frazer and the " The Golden Bough" / S.L. MacGregor Mathers and the “Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn” / Starhawk / Stewart Farrar / Sybil Leek / Ted Andrews / The Mather Family - (includes: Richard Mather, Increase Mather and Cotton Mather ) / Thomas Ady / T. Thorn Coyle / Vera Chapman / Victor & Cora Anderson and the " Feri Tradition" / Vivianne Crowley / Walter Brown Gibson / Walter Ernest Butler / William Butler Yeats / Zsuzsanna Budapest /
Many of the above biographies are briefs and far from complete. If you know about any of these individuals and can help with additional information, please contact me privately at my email address below. Many thanks for reading :-)
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