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In Worship of TreesWritten and Compiled by George Knowles
The Vine Tree
The Vine
tree or Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is more of a shrub-plant than a tree,
but never the less is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world.
The Vine is sacred
to Wicca and Witchcraft, and of old was revered by our ancestors.
According to the Celtic Tree calendar the Vine represents the
tenth month of the year (02nd September – 29th
September), which
includes the celebration of “Mabon - the Autumn Equinox", occurring
between the 21st and 23rd September each year. Vines are a long living plants, which have been used by
man since civilization
began; likewise wines produced from its grapes has long been a universal drink.
Fossilized leaves, seeds and stems of the grapevine, some of them thought
to be 40 million years old, have been found in ancient sites throughout the
Northern Hemisphere, and in the Burgundy region of France there are still living
vines said to be over 400 years old. Egyptian
hieroglyphics showing details of grapevines and how to make wine have been
discovered, some dating from about 2400 BC, while seeds from the grape have been
found entombed with Egyptian mummies at least 3,000 years old.
Wine making was also a regular part of ancient Greek life and Pliny the
Elder speaks of a vine supposedly 600 years old.
In old Christian scriptures, Noah is said to have planted a vineyard
after he survived the great flood. The name
of the Vine is derived from the Latin word “viere”, meaning to twist, which
is descriptive of the growing habits of the plant. Grapevines are native to northern temperate zones, but are
cultivated throughout the world by the winemaking industry.
Today there are some 65 species of Vines producing more than 8,000
varieties of grapes. France, Spain
and Italy cultivate the most acreage of grapes, followed by Turkey and Georgia.
Other major grape-producing countries are:
Algeria, Argentina, Greece, Hungary, Portugal, Romania and the United
States. Australia, Bulgaria, Chile,
Germany, Syria and South Africa, also produce a large part of the world’s
grape market. Grapevines will grow in many different kinds of soil, but the soil must have a certain depth and drain well, soil of a volcanic nature produces the finest wines. A common method of propagation is to plant cuttings taken from mature vines. Another method is known as layering. This is done by bending down a branch of a mature vine and forcing it to grow along a shallow trench in the ground. After shoots start to grow upward from the buds on the branch, the trench is filled with soil. The shoots then develop roots and by winter the shoots and their roots are ready to be cut from the parent branch. In the spring they can be planted as new grapevines.
Grapes come in many
colours Left untended vines will grow up to 15 meters high and
climb anything that will give them support.
Their leaves are generally large flat and lobed, and depending on species can be deeply
indented or have jagged serrated margins. Their
flowers normally appear in May/June, followed by bunches of grapes that ripen in
the late summer Aug/Sept. The
grape consists of a watery fleshy pulp containing stones encased in a soft skin.
They can be differentiated by their skin colors, which range from pale
green to yellow, to red, to purple or black, while some varieties are even
multicolored. Practical Uses: The vine
has little other use then that of winemaking.
Of the 65 species of vines and more than 8,000 varieties of grapes, only
one species is used for nearly all the wine made in the world, the (Vitis
vinifera) species, often called the “World Grape”.
From this one species as many as 4,000 varieties of grape have been
developed, but only about a dozen of these are commonly used for making wine.
Among the chief varieties of those used are:
Riesling, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, Gewurztraminer,
Sauvignon Blanc and Muscat. Wine is
made by allowing the grape juice to ferment.
To aid the fermentation process, yeast (usually Saccharomyces) is
added to convert the sugars to alcohol. Fermentation
usually takes place in large vats from which the air is excluded to prevent
oxidation and to discourage the growth of vinegar-forming bacteria.
Normally fermentation takes from ten to 30 days, during which the
temperature is controlled to promote yeast growth and to extract the flavors and
colors from the skins. Artificial
heat for this process was not used until the early part of the last century, and
the first accounts of vineries enclosed by glass date from the middle of that
period. After
the fermentation process is done, the wine is racked (drawn off) to separate it
from the lees (the dregs or sediment). Some
wines deposit their sediment quickly, but other wines remain cloudy for long
periods. The wine then goes through
several clarification processes before being stored and aged in wooden
containers made of Oak or Redwood. This
aging process allows oxygen to enter and water and alcohol to escape.
During this time the acidity decreases and additional clarification takes
place. The wood from the container
also contributes too and enhances the flavor and aroma of the wine.
The wood-aging process may last many months or even several years, all
depending on the wine and the quality desired. Some
wines are aged in bottles before being sold.
Red wines in particular may profit from two to twenty years of bottle
aging. Wine quality and diversity
comes not just from the variety of grape, but also from the quality of the soil
it is grown in, as well as climatic conditions.
Changes in weather patterns from one year to the next can have a
tremendous influence on the quality of its vintage. In addition each wine grower or vintager may have different
techniques and methods of producing wine, which they keep secret so that no one
else can copy and use it. Mythology and Folklore: In Greek mythology Dionysus is a God of Nature, and known as the God of Wine and Inspiration (he is also personified by the Roman god Bacchus). As Dionysus, he was also the God of Ecstasy and his cult was one of the mystery religions. He produced the first wine from the vine, and spread the art of tending grapes, but he also had a dual side to his nature, on the one hand he could bring about joy and divine ecstasy and on the other hand brutal unthinking rage, both reflecting the nature of wine. Dionysus is the son of Zeus and Semele (a mortal women), the only god to have a mortal parent. In legend, Zeus came to Semele in the night invisible, and she knew him only as a divine presence. Semele was pleased to be a lover of a god even though she did not know which god he was. However word of his infidelity soon spread and his wife Hera quickly learned who she was. Hera confronted Semele in disguise, and convinced her to see who her lover really was. When Zeus next went to visit her, she made him promise and swear on the River Styx that he would reveal himself.
Zeus
and Semele -
Dionysus
- Hera She
being a mortal Zeus knew what would happen, but he was madly in love with her
and couldn’t refuse. When he did
reveal his true form, Semele was instantly struck dead by the sight of all his
glory. Zeus then took their unborn
child Dionysus from her womb and sewed him into his thigh till he was ready to
be born. After due time Dionysus
emerged from his thigh perfectly formed and became known as “the twice-born
god” associated with death and rebirth. Dionysus was one of the few gods able to appease Hades and bring a dead person back from the underworld. Even though he had never known his mother Semele, after her death he descended into the underworld in an effort to bring her back. Hades who was normally reluctant to release the dead, would only agreed to allow Semele back if Dionysus could exchange something important to life. So Dionysus gave him the myrtle plant. (The Myrtle plant was associated Aphrodite, the Goddess of Love and the guardian of birth and rebirth, she is also a symbol of new beginnings and new life).
Aphrodite - Myrtle Dionysus
wandered the world accompanied by Maenads, actively encouraging his cult and his
worship. The Maenads were wild
women often flush with wine, their shoulders draped with fawn skins and carrying
hazel wands tipped with pinecones. While
other gods erected temples for their worship, the followers of Dionysus
worshipped in the woods. There they
worked themselves up into states of frenzied ecstasy, and any animals they
happened upon would be rip apart in sacrifice, their flesh eaten raw.
As Bacchus he was accompanied Bacchantes, a similar band of female
worshippers who also roamed the forests dressed in animal skins. Dionysus
became one of the most important gods in everyday Greek life, and was associated
with several key concepts. His
association with death and rebirth can be seen symbolically in tending vines.
Each year the vines are pruned back sharply and left to become dormant
through the winter, ready to bear fruit in the following spring.
Another concept is that under the influence of wine we can connect with
nature. In mystery traditions
intoxication comes not from the plant but from the spirit of the plant, the
divine essence, under which we become free and liberated from constraints placed
upon us by formal society. At these
times a man might become greater then himself and do works he otherwise would
not. In
ancient times the festival of Dionysia was held in the spring when the leaves
begin to reappear on the vine. Because
he was the god of wine, his festivals were lively affairs that offered the
chance to put aside the daily routines of life and get caught up in wild
celebrations. Though in many cases
only those who had been initiated into the cult could participate in the
festivities. Over time it became
one of the most important events of the year, and its focus became the theater
for drama. Many of the greatest
Greek tragidramas of the times were specially written and performed there. All
those who took part, the writers, actors and spectators were regarded as
worshippers and servants of Dionysus during the festival. As Bacchus they celebrated the Bacchanalia, or festival of Bacchus every third year, but the attics of the worshippers became so immoral that in 186 BC the Roman Senate suppressed it and all the bacchanal sanctuaries were destroyed. The religion however continued and was popular in the first century, by the second century a group of about 500 bacchanals are known to have worshiped at Frascati in Italy, and presumably other such groups also existed.
Bacchus by da Vinci. He was accompanied Bacchantes Dionysus
is often seen depicted holding a chalice and a wand called a “thyrsus”.
In Wicca/Witchcraft a wand or thyrsus is representative of the phallus of
the god, and the chalice as the womb of the goddess.
Therefore the thyrsus is the stalk and the seed, representing the shaft
of the phallus and the semen issuing forth.
The chalice is the opening to the womb and the lining of the uterus.
As Dionysus holds them both, he is symbolically displaying the male and
female polarities that when united will bring forth a Child of Promise. In art
he is depicted wearing a crown of ivy, and covered in vine leaves and grapes, a
typical image of the Green Man. As
Bacchus he is bearded, more rustic in appearance and sporting horns, a typical
image of the Horned God. So here we
have in this one god, all the aspects of a traditional Wiccan God: he is a God of Nature and Lord of the Harvest, a God of the
Underworld, a Son/Lover of the Goddess, a Child of Promise, the Green Man and
the Horned God, all combined into one. Magical Uses: In ancient Rome pictures of grapes were drawn or painted onto garden walls as a symbol to ensure fertility in the garden. Eating grapes or raisins increases fertility, as well as strengthening mental powers. Placing grapes on the altar when conducting money spells will help and aid in money matters. During ritual wine is contained in the chalice and placed on the altar where it is used for many purposes. It can be used to symbolize the blood of the Goddess as a life giving essence, or to symbolize the blood of the sacrificed God after his death and during his resurrection. “Music is the wine which inspires one to new generative processes, and I am Bacchus who presses out this glorious wine for mankind and makes them spiritually drunken” ~ Ludwig van Beethoven. Intoxication
though wine was thought to be the possession of the self by the spirit of the
vine, so to drink the wine during ritual was to merge oneself with the spirit of
the vine and thus with nature. The
wine is also used for toasting the deities in welcome and offerings of
libations. It is a common practice
in modern Wicca/Witchcraft to celebrate the conclusion of a full moon or sabbat
meeting with a meal of cakes and wine. Medicinal Uses: The
restorative and regenerative powers of the grape was known, used and revered by
the ancients of old. The warming
and fattening properties of grape sugar acts rapidly to increase strength and
repair waste in fevers, it is however unsuitable for gouty or inflammatory
conditions. The seeds and leaves of
the grapevine are astringent, and were used to stop hemorrhages and bleeding,
when boiled with Barley-meal and made into a poultice, it was also used to cool
the inflammation of wounds. Dried
and powdered leaves were used as a cure for dysentery in cattle. The sap
of the vine taken from a cutting allowed to bleed, is often called a “tear”
or “lachrymal”, and makes an excellent lotion for weak eyes and specks on
the cornea. Ripe grapes eaten in
quantity can influence the kidneys to produce a free flow of urine, but care
should be taken when feeding excitable and full-blooded people, for too much
could cause palpitations. Dyspeptic
subjects should avoid eating them. In cases
of anemia and in states of exhaustion, the restorative powers of the grape is in
a class of its own, especially when taken in conjunction with a light and
nourishing diet. In cases of
smallpox, grapes have proved useful owing to their bi-tartrate of potash
content, they are also said to benefit neuralgia and sleeplessness. The cuttings of the vine in spring can be boiled with sugar
into a syrup, taken inwardly this is an excellent stay for women’s longings
when pregnant. People that suffer from torpid liver and sluggish biliary functions should eat grapes that are not quite fully ripe, whilst those with wasted tissue problems, should eat fully ripe and sweet grapes. Dried grapes or raisins are largely used in the manufacture of galenical medicines, the seeds being separated and rejected as they give a very bitter taste. Raisins are demulcent, nutritive and slightly laxative. The ash of burnt vines was used as toothpaste to make discolored teeth white again.
There
are various verities of grapes
differentiated by their skin colors In
modern days the juice of the grape is rich in vitamins and minerals,
particularly iron. It provides a
source of instant energy and is ideal for convalescents.
The grape is laxative and diuretic and despite its sugar content, is not
fattening. Fasting using
grape-juice and grapes has been recommended by naturopaths to clear many chronic
diseases. Grapes are also used in
the treatment of poor blood circulation, low blood pressure, anaemia, liver
congestion and skin blemishes. Through
its associations with nature, the underworld and reincarnation, the deities
associated with vines are numerous, and include: Dionysus, Bacchus, Hathor, Venus, Branwen, Aphrodite, Apollo
and Osiris. Its gender is feminine.
Its planet ruler is the Moon with strong associations to the Sun.
Its element is with Water, and its magickal associations promote: Fertility, Death and Rebirth, Garden Magick, Money, Mental
powers and Freedom of Spirit. Astrologically vine people (i.e. those born in the month of August) love tradition and are happiest returning to places where they have had good times in the past. They are sensual in nature but will defend their ideas and ideals passionately. They care about nature and the preservation of the natural world, and will risk life and limb in its defense. End
Sources: Cunningham's Encyclopedia Of Magical Herbs - By Scott Cunningham. Encyclopedia of Wicca & Witchcraft - By Raven Grimassi. The Encyclopedia of Witches & Witchcraft - By Rosemary Ellen Guiley. Tree Wisdom (The definitive guidebook to the myth, folklore and healing power of Trees) - By Jacqueline Memory Paterson. AA Book of Britain's Countryside. The Penguin Hutchinson Reference Library (CD cassette). Microsoft Encarta
Encyclopedia (CD cassette). Plus many websites to numerous to mention.
Best Wishes and Blessed Be.
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Site Contents - Links to all Pages
A Universal Message:
Let there be peace in the world - Where have all the flowers gone?
About me: My Personal Page / My Place in England / My Family Tree (Ancestry)
Wicca & Witchcraft
Wicca/Witchcraft / What is Wicca / What is Magick
Traditional Writings:
The Wiccan Rede / Charge of the Goddess / Charge of the God / The Three-Fold Law (includes The Law of Power and The Four Powers of the Magus) / The Witches Chant / The Witches Creed / Descent of the Goddess / Drawing Down the Moon / The Great Rite Invocation / Invocation of the Horned God / The 13 Principles of Wiccan Belief / The Witches Rede of Chivalry / A Pledge to Pagan Spirituality
Correspondence Tables:
Incense / Candles / Colours / Magickal Days / Stones and Gems / Elements and Elementals
Traditions:
Traditions Part 1 - Alexandrian Wicca / Aquarian Tabernacle Church (ATC) / Ár Ndraíocht Féin (ADF) / Blue Star Wicca / British Traditional (Druidic Witchcraft) / Celtic Wicca / Ceremonial Magic / Chaos Magic / Church and School of Wicca / Circle Sanctuary / Covenant of the Goddess (COG) / Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans (CUUPS) / Cyber Wicca / Dianic Wicca / Eclectic Wicca / Feri Wicca /
Traditions Part 2 - Gardnerian Wicca / Georgian Tradition / Henge of Keltria / Hereditary Witchcraft / Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (H.O.G.D.) / Kitchen Witch (Hedge Witch) / Minoan Brotherhood and Minoan Sisterhood Tradition / Nordic Paganism / Pagan Federation / Pectic-Wita / Seax-Wica / Shamanism / Solitary / Strega / Sylvan Tradition / Vodoun or Voodoo / Witches League of Public Awareness (WLPA) /
Other things of interest:
Gods and Goddesses (Greek
Mythology) / Esbats &
Full Moons / Links
to Personal Friends & Resources / Wicca/Witchcraft
Resources / What's a spell? /
Circle Casting and
Sacred Space / Pentagram
- Pentacle / Marks
of a Witch / The Witches
Power / The Witches Hat
/ An
esoteric guide to visiting London / Satanism
/ Pow-wow
/ The
Unitarian Universalist Association / Numerology: Part 1
/ Part 2 / Part
3 / A
history of the Malleus Maleficarum: includes: Pope
Innocent VIII /
The
papal Bull /
The
Malleus Maleficarum /
An extract from the Malleus Maleficarum
/ The letter of approbation
/ Johann
Nider’s Formicarius /
Jacob
Sprenger /
Heinrich Kramer /
Stefano Infessura
/ Montague Summers /
The Waldenses
/ The Albigenses
/
The Hussites / The
Native American Sun Dance
/ Shielding (Occult
and Psychic Protection) /
Sabbats and Festivals:
The Sabbats in History and Mythology / Samhain (October 31st) / Yule (December 21st) / Imbolc (February 2nd) / Ostara (March 21st) / Beltane (April 30th) / Litha (June 21st) / Lammas/Lughnasadh (August 1st) / Mabon (September 21st)
Rituals contributed by Crone:
Samhain / Yule / Imbolc / Ostara / Beltane / Litha / Lammas / Mabon
Tools:
Tools of a Witch / The Besom (Broom) / Poppets and Dolls / Pendulums / Cauldron Magick / Mirror Gazing
Animals:
Animals in Witchcraft (The Witches Familiar and Totem Animals) / Antelope / Bats / Crow / Fox / Frog and Toads / Goat / Honeybee / Kangaroo / Lion / Owl / Phoenix / Rabbits and Hares / Raven / Robin Redbreast / Sheep / Spider / Squirrel / Swans / Unicorn / Wild Boar / Wolf / Serpent / Pig / Stag / Horse / Mouse / Cat / Rats / Unicorn
Trees:
In Worship of Trees - Myths, Lore and the Celtic Tree Calendar. For descriptions and correspondences of the thirteen sacred trees of Wicca/Witchcraft see the following: Birch / Rowan / Ash / Alder / Willow / Hawthorn / Oak / Holly / Hazel / Vine / Ivy / Reed / Elder
Sacred Sites:
Mystical Sacred Sites - Stonehenge / Glastonbury Tor / Malta - The Hypogeum of Hal Saflieni / Avebury / Cerne Abbas - The Chalk Giant / Ireland - Newgrange /
Rocks and Stones:
Stones - History, Myths and Lore
Articles contributed by Patricia Jean Martin:
Apophyllite / Amber / Amethyst / Aquamarine / Aragonite / Aventurine / Black Tourmaline / Bloodstone / Calcite / Carnelian / Celestite / Citrine / Chrysanthemum Stone / Diamond / Emerald / Fluorite / Garnet / Hematite / Herkimer Diamond / Labradorite / Lapis Lazuli / Malachite / Moonstone / Obsidian / Opal / Pyrite / Quartz (Rock Crystal) / Rose Quartz / Ruby / Selenite / Seraphinite / Silver and Gold / Smoky Quartz / Sodalite / Sunstone / Thunderegg / Tree Agate / Zebra Marble
Wisdom and Inspiration:
Knowledge vs Wisdom by Ardriana Cahill / I Talk to the Trees / Awakening / The Witch in You / A Tale of the Woods / I have a Dream by Martin Luther King /
Articles and Stories about Witchcraft:
Murdered by Witchcraft / The Fairy Witch of Clonmel / A Battleship, U-boat, and a Witch / The Troll-Tear (A story for Children) / Goody Hawkins - The Wise Goodwife / The Story of Jack-O-Lantern / The Murder of the Hammersmith Ghost / Josephine Gray (The Infamous Black Widow) / The Two Brothers - Light and Dark
Old Masters of Academia:
Pliny the Elder / Hesiod / Pythagoras
Biographies
A "Who's Who" of Witches, Pagans and other associated People (Ancient, Past and Present)
(Departed Pagan Pioneers, Founders, Elders and Others)
Pagan
Pioneers: Founders, Elders, Leaders and Others
Abramelin the Mage / Agrippa / Aidan A Kelly / Albertus Magnus - “Albert the Great” / Aleister Crowley - “The Great Beast” / Alex Sanders - “King of the Witches” / Alison Harlow / Allan Bennett - the Ven. Ananda Metteyya / Allan Kardec (Spiritism) / Alphonsus de Spina / Amber K / Ann Moura / Anna Franklin / Anodea Judith / Anton Szandor LaVey / Arnold Crowther / Arthur Edward Waite / Austin Osman Spare / Balthasar Bekker / Biddy Early / Barbara Vickers / Bridget Cleary - The Fairy Witch of Clonmel / Carl " Llewellyn" Weschcke / Cecil Hugh Williamson / Charles Godfrey Leland / Charles Walton / Christopher Penczak / Christina Oakley Harrington / Cornelius Loos / Damh the Bard - "Dave Smith" / Dion Fortune / Dolores Aschroft-Nowicki / Donald Michael Kraig / Doreen Valiente / Dorothy Morrison / Dr. John Dee & Edward Kelly / Dr. Leo Louis Martello / Edain McCoy / Edward Fitch / Eleanor Ray Bone - “Matriarch of British Witchcraft” / Eliphas Levi / Ernest Thompson Seton / Ernest Westlake / Fiona Horne / Frederick McLaren Adams - Feraferia / Friedrich von Spee / Francis Barrett / Gavin and Yvonne Frost and the School and Church of Wicca / Gerald B. Gardner - The father of contemporary Witchcraft / Gwydion Pendderwen / Hans Holzer / Helen Duncan / Herman Slater - Horrible Herman / Heinrich Kramer / Isaac Bonewits / Israel Regardie / Ivo Domínguez Jr. / Jack Whiteside Parsons - Rocket Science and Magick / James "Cunning" Murrell - The Master of Witches / Janet Farrar and Gavin Bone / Jean Bodin / Jessie Wicker Bell - “Lady Sheba” / Johann Weyer / Johannes Junius - "The Burgomaster of Bamberg" / Johann Georg Fuchs von Dornheim - the “Hexenbrenner” (witch burner) / John Belham-Payne / John George Hohman - "Pow-wow" / John Gerard / John Gordon Hargrave and the Kibbo Kith Kindred / John Michael Greer / John Score / Joseph “Bearwalker” Wilson / Joseph John Campbell / Karl von Eckartshausen / Lady Gwen Thompson - and "The Rede of the Wiccae" / Laurie Cabot - "the Official Witch of Salem" / Lewis Spence / Lodovico Maria Sinistrari / Ludwig Lavater / Madeline Montalban and the Order of the Morning Star / Margaret Alice Murray / Margot Adler / Michael Howard and the UK "Cauldron Magazine" / Margaret St. Clair - the “Sign of the Labrys” / Marie Laveau - " the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans" / Marion Weinstein / Martin Antoine Del Rio / Matthew Hopkins - “The Witch-Finder General” / Max Ehrmann and the "Desiderata" / Michael A. Aquino - and The Temple of Set / Monique Wilson / Montague Summers / Nicholas Culpeper / Nicholas Remy / M. R. Sellars / Mrs. Maud Grieve - "A Modern Herbal" / Oberon Zell-Ravenheart and Morning Glory / Old Dorothy Clutterbuck / Old George Pickingill / Olivia Durdin-Robertson - co-founder of the Fellowship of Isis / Paddy Slade / Pamela Colman-Smith / Paracelsus / Patricia Crowther / Patricia Monaghan / Patricia “Trish” Telesco / Paul Foster Case and the “Builders of the Adytum” mystery school / Peter Binsfeld / Philip Heselton / Raven Grimassi / Raymond Buckland / Reginald Scot / Richard Baxter / Robert Cochrane / Robert ‘von Ranke’ Graves and the "The White Goddess" / Rosaleen Norton - “The Witch of Kings Cross” / Rossell Hope Robbins / Ross Nichols and the " Order of Bards, Ovates & Druids" (OBOD) / Rudolf Steiner / Sabrina Underwood - "The Ink Witch" / Scott Cunningham / Selena Fox - founder of "Circle Sanctuary" / Silver Ravenwolf / Sir Francis Dashwood / Sir James George Frazer and the " The Golden Bough" / S.L. MacGregor Mathers and the “Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn” / Starhawk / Stewart Farrar / Sybil Leek / Ted Andrews / The Mather Family - (includes: Richard Mather, Increase Mather and Cotton Mather ) / Thomas Ady / T. Thorn Coyle / Vera Chapman / Victor & Cora Anderson and the " Feri Tradition" / Vivianne Crowley / Walter Brown Gibson / Walter Ernest Butler / William Butler Yeats / Zsuzsanna Budapest /
Many of the above biographies are briefs and far from complete. If you know about any of these individuals and can help with additional information, please contact me privately at my email address below. Many thanks for reading :-)
"FAIR USE NOTICE"While I have taken due care and diligence to credit all sources where possible, this website may contain copyrighted material which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. My use of making such material available here is done so in my efforts to advance our understanding of religious discrimination, the environmental and social justice issues etc. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this website for purposes of your own then you must obtain permission from the relevant copyright owner yourself.Any queries please contact me at email - George@controverscial.com
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